The History of Paris
Part I

From the Celts to the Vikings

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Knowing a bit about the history of Paris will make your trip even more interesting.

What's fascinating about the city is that you see the history of Paris in almost everything you do and every place you go.

The most famous art museum in the world, the Louvre, started life as a fortress and royal palace.

In the 5th and 6th Arrondissements you can see remnants of Roman Paris in the Cluny baths and pieces of the old Roman roads.

Parts of the medieval walls of Paris are scattered through the ancient parts of the city, and in some of the walls you'll find slices of Roman columns that were used as building blocks.

The walls of the police headquarters on Île de la Cité are pockmarked with bullet holes, a memory of the 1944 liberation of Paris.

But, we'll get to that later. Let's start the history of Paris at the beginning, with the Celts. Along the way we'll include links to some of our favorite books about the history of Paris.

The History of Paris, Quick Links
Part One: The Celts to the Vikings	Part Two: Middle Ages to Napoleon	Part Three: Haussmann to Today

The Celts

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The land that is now the French capital has always been fertile, with a mild climate. 2500 years ago the Seine was filled with fish.

In short, it was a very good place to put down roots, and the Celtic tribe known as the Parisii established a settlement there in about 300 BCE. It's likely that another attraction were that the islands in the middle the Seine could be easily defended.

And so Paris was born, although at the time it was called by a Celtic name that may have meant something like "place to live in the waters". Also at that time there were seven islands in the Seine, where today there are only two. Both Île Saint-Louis and Île de la Cité (where Notre Dame Cathedral now sits) were originally three islands, later joined together.

The Romans

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Eventually the Romans arrived, as they did in so much of Europe, taking over the settlement because from there they could control river traffic. They first called the city Lutetia, probably a romanized version of its Celtic name, and later dubbed it Civitas Parisorium, meaning "the city of the Parisii". From this came the name Paris.

Caesar's army had to crush a revolt in 52 BCE led by the legendary Vercingetorix, the king of the Gauls. It was a bloody war that see-sawed back and forth. The Romans captured the Gaulish capital, destroying it and killing the population of over 100,000. In the end, Julius Caesar himself had to take command of the army to quell the rebellion.

Vercingetorix has remained a folk hero in France. In 1865 Napoleon III had a large statue of him erected at the city of Alesia, where Vercingetorix finally surrendered to Caesar.

The Romans did their usual things: built fortified walls, laid out streets, expanded to the Left Bank, and built Roman baths. Remains of the baths can be seen today at Musée de Cluny in the 5th Arrondissement.

The Huns & The Franks

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In the middle of the 5th century the Huns came, lead by another famous general, Attila. Paris was spared the fury of the Huns, but a few years later the Franks came, in the form of Childeric. It was under his son and heir, Clovis I, that Paris became the capital of what was then France, and it is then that the history of Paris as we know it today began.

This was the when the Frankish rulers had those great kingly names like Chlothar the Old, Chlodio the Longhair, and Clovis the Lazy.

At this period the settlement of Paris was still largely confined to the islands. Childbert, son of Clovis, built an abbey on the Left Bank where there was nothing but open fields. The modern name of this area of Paris reflects this: St Germain des Prés, St Germain of the Fields.

The Vikings

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When Charlemagne became king of the Franks in the 8th century he moved the capital of his Holy Roman Empire away from Paris to western Germany. And then the Vikings came. That's right, Vikings. In France, if it isn't one thing, it's another.

After leading the valiant struggles against the Viking invaders, Odo, who had previously lost out to Charles the Bald, succeeded Charles the Fat as king of France. But it was Odo's former ally and rival, Charles the Simple (who was the son of Louis the Stammerer) who became the undisputed King of France in about 900.

See, we told you they had the great names. Are you following this?

By the way, Charles the Simple ultimately defeated the Vikings. Under the treaty the Vikings recognized Charles' rule and were given in return lands in western France around Rouen that became, you guessed it, Normandy, named after the Norsemen.